Bacteriology
Aerosol infection of calves with Histophilus somni. Katalin Jánosi, László Stipkovits, Róbert Glávits,
Tamás Molnár, László Makrai, Miklós Gyuranecz, János Varga and László Fodor ... 347
Antimicrobial
susceptibility of Pasteurella
multocida
isolated
from swine and poultry. Boglárka Sellyei, Zsuzsanna
Varga, Katalin Szentesi-Samu, Éva Kaszanyitzky and Tibor Magyar
... 357
Genetics
Identification of chromosome
abnormalities in the horse using a panel of chromosome-specific painting probes generated
by microdissection. Monika Bugno, Ewa Słota, Aldona Pieńkowska-Schelling and Claude Schelling ... 369
Parasitology
First detection and dominance of Nosema ceranae in Hungarian honeybee colonies.
Zsuzsanna Tapaszti, Petra Forgách, Csaba Kővágó, László Békési, Tamás
Bakonyi and Miklós Rusvai ... 383
Pathology
First report of the simultaneous
occurrence of choroid plexus papilloma and meningioma in a dog.
Luciano Espino, Maruska Suarez,
German Santamarina, Mónica Vila, Natalia Mino and Mónica Lopez-Pena ... 389
Reproduction
Vitrification of
cleavage stage mouse embryos by the cryoloop procedure.
Philip
Klambauer, Zsuzsa Keresztes,
Katalin Kanyó, Erika Varga, Rita Kriston, Nóra Vass, András Jávor, János Konc,
László Solti and Sándor Cseh ... 399
Comparison of
traditional and modified (VitMaster) methods of rabbit embryo vitrification. Krzysztof Papis, Maciej
Korwin-Kossakowski and Elżbieta Wenta-Muchalska
... 411
Surgery
Laser-assisted removal of a feline
eosinophilic granuloma from the back of the tongue. Katalin Kovács, Csaba Jakab and Attila Marcell Szász
... 417
Effects of
neuropeptides and vasoactive substances on microcirculation of the callus after tibial
osteotomy in rabbits. Zsolt
Vendégh, András Melly, Balázs Tóth, Konrad Wolf, Tamás Farkas, Jolán Józan, János
Hamar and István Kádas ... 427
Virology
Development of Primer-Probe Energy
Transfer real-time pcr for the detection and
quantification of porcine circovirus type 2. Ádám Bálint, Miklós Tenk, Zoltán Deim, Thomas
Bruun Rasmussen, Ase Uttenthal, Attila Cságola, Tamás Tuboly, Attila Farsang, Caroline
Fossum, Sirje Timmusk, Mikael Berg and Sándor Belák ... 441
Frequent
rearrangement may explain the structural heterogeneity in the 11th genome segment of
lapine rotaviruses – Short communication. Krisztián Bányai, Jelle
Matthijnssens, György Szücs, Petra Forgách, Károly Erdélyi, Marc van Ranst, Eleonora
Lorusso, Nicola Decaro, Gabriella Elia and Vito Martella
... 453
AEROSOL INFECTION OF CALVES WITH HISTOPHILUS SOMNI
Katalin Jánosi1, László Stipkovits2, Róbert Glávits3, Tamás Molnár3,
László Makrai1, Miklós Gyuranecz1, János Varga1 and László Fodor1
1Department of
Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Hungária
krt. 23–25, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; 2Veterinary Medical Research Institute
of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; 3Central Agricultural
Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Budapest, Hungary
(Received 7 January 2009; accepted 23
March 2009)
The purpose of this study was to
develop and evaluate an aerosol infection method with Histophilus somni that closely resembles the
natural way of infection of calves. Another aim was to compare the virulence of two H. somni strains by collecting clinical and
postmortem data of experimentally infected and control animals. Seventeen conventionally
reared 3-month-old calves were divided into three groups. Two groups of six animals each
were exposed to suspensions containing H. somni
on three consecutive days using a vaporiser mask. The third group of five animals was used
as control. The data of individual clinical examination were recorded daily. All animals
were exterminated, and gross pathology of all lungs was evaluated on the 15th day after
the first infection. Both H. somni strains
caused an increase of rectal temperature, respiratory signs, decrease of weight gain, and
severe catarrhal bronchopneumonia in both infected groups. Although some chronic lesions
were detected in the lungs of the control animals as well, the histopathological findings
in the infected and control groups were different. H.
somni was recultured from all lungs in the challenged groups but it could not be
reisolated or detected by PCR examination in the control group. This is the first paper on
aerosol challenge of calves with H. somni
using repeated infection and verified by detailed pathological, bacteriological and
histopathological examination. The infection method proved to be successful. There was no
difference in the virulence of the two H. somni
strains used in the trial.
Key
words: Histophilus somni, aerosol infection,
cattle, pathology, histopathology
ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA ISOLATED FROM SWINE AND POULTRY
Boglárka Sellyei1, Zsuzsanna Varga1,
Katalin Szentesi-Samu2, Éva Kaszanyitzky2 and Tibor Magyar1*
1Veterinary Medical
Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 18, H-1581 Budapest,
Hungary; 2Central Agricultural Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate,
Budapest, Hungary
(Received 13 January 2009; accepted 23
March 2009)
Pasteurella multocida causes infectious diseases
in a wide range of animal species. Antimicrobial therapy is still an effective tool for
treatment. Generally, P. multocida isolates are
susceptible to most of the widely used commercial antimicrobial agents but their excessive
and unjustified use accelerates the emergence of resistant strains. We defined the
antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of 56 P. multocida
strains isolated from poultry (20) and swine [16 P.
multocida toxin (PMT) positive and 20 PMT negative] to 16 widely applied antibiotics
(apramycin, cef-quinome, chloramphenicol, colistin, doxycycline, enrofloxacin,
erythromycin, florfenicol, flumequine, neomycin, oxolinic acid, penicillin, trimethoprim
potentiated sulphamethoxazole, sulphonamide compounds, tetracycline, tulathromycin) by the
disk diffusion method. The majority of the strains was susceptible to most of the
antimicrobial agents tested. However, the resistance to sulphonamides, tetracyclines,
first-generation quinolones and aminoglycosides was remarkable, and thus the use of these
compounds for the treatment of infection caused by P.
multocida is not recommended. On the other hand, the antimicrobial activity of the
classical penicillin, the newer macrolide (tulathromycin), the third-generation
fluoroquinolone (enrofloxacin) and the fourth-generation cephalosporin (cefquinome) proved
to be satisfactory against this bacterium.
Key
words: Pasteurella multocida, swine,
poultry, antibiotics
IDENTIFICATION OF CHROMOSOME
ABNORMALITIES IN THE HORSE USING A PANEL OF CHROMOSOME-SPECIFIC PAINTING PROBES GENERATED
BY MICRODISSECTION
Monika Bugno1, Ewa Słota1, Aldona Pieńkowska-Schelling2 and Claude Schelling3
1Department of Immuno-
and Cytogenetics, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083
Balice/Kraków, Poland; 2Department of Animal Science, Swiss Federal Institute
of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; 3Department of Veterinary Medicine,
Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
(Received 14 July 2008; accepted 11
December 2008)
Fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) using a panel of
molecular probes for all chromosome pairs obtained by chromosome microdissection of the
domestic horse (Equus caballus) was used to
diagnose karyotype abnormalities in 35 horses (32 mares, 2 stallions and 1 intersex),
which were selected for the study due to infertility (23 horses), reduced fertility (10
horses) and developmental anomalies (2 horses). The use of the FISH technique with probes
for each horse chromosome pair enabled the diagnosis of many different chromosome
aberrations in this population. Among the horses analysed, 21 animals had normal karyotype
– 64,XX (19 mares) and 64,XY (2 stallions). Fourteen animals, constituting 40% of the
population studied, showed the following chromosome abnormalities: 63,X (1 mare);
63,X/64,XX (6 mares); 63,X/64,XX/65,XXX (3 mares); 63,X/65,XXX (1 mare); 64,XX/65,XX+Xp (1
mare); 63,X/64,XX/65,XX+Xq (1 mare), and 63,X/64,XX/65,XX+delY (1 intersex). When
only the mares studied because of complete infertility were taken into consideration, this
proportion exceeded 56%. Due to the increased frequency of the above-mentioned aberrations
in the mosaic form of two or more lines, it was necessary to analyse a large number
(100–300) of metaphase spreads. The use of specific molecular probes obtained by
chromosome microdissection made these diagnoses much easier.
Key
words: Horse, painting probes, FISH technique, chromosome aberration
FIRST
DETECTION AND DOMINANCE OF NOSEMA CERANAE IN
HUNGARIAN HONEYBEE COLONIES
Zsuzsanna Tapaszti1, Petra Forgách1, Csaba Kővágó2, László Békési3, Tamás Bakonyi1 and Miklós Rusvai4
1Department of
Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Hungária
krt. 23–25, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; 2Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, 4Department of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty
of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary; 3Department
of Apidology, Institute for Small Animal Research, Gödöllő, Hungary
(Received 5 September 2008; accepted 11 December 2008)
Microsporidiosis (nosema
disease) of the European honeybee (Apis mellifera L.)
is present in bee colonies worldwide. Until recently, Nosema apis had been regarded as the causative
agent of the disease, which may have many negative effects on the colony and cause heavy
economic losses in apicultures. Another microsporidium species, Nosema ceranae, was reported to infest the Asian
honeybee (Apis ceranae), but both honeybee
species are susceptible to both microsporidia. In the European honeybee N. ceranae was first detected in Spain in the year 2006. As it is difficult to
distinguish N. ceranae and N. apis morphologically, a rapid and accurate
assay has been developed to differentiate N. apis
and N. ceranae based on polymerase chain
reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the partial large
subunit ribosomal RNA. The assay was tested on 38 Nosema-infested
bee samples, which were collected from geographically distant Hungarian bee colonies
representing all regions of the country. Only one sample contained N. apis, and in the other 37 samples N. ceranae was detected, which indicates the
dominance of N. ceranae in Hungarian apiaries.
This is the first report on the presence of N.
ceranae in Hungary.
Key
words: Honeybee, nosema disease, Nosema ceranae,
PCR, RFLP
FIRST
REPORT OF THE SIMULTANEOUS OCCURRENCE OF CHOROID PLEXUS PAPILLOMA AND MENINGIOMA IN A DOG
Luciano Espino, Maruska Suarez, German Santamarina, Mónica Vila, Natalia Mino and Mónica Lopez-Pena
Department of Veterinary Clinical
Sciences, Rof Codina Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Santiago de Compostela, 22702 Lugo, Spain
(Received 17 July 2008; accepted 11
December 2008)
A 7-year-old spayed
female English Cocker Spaniel was examined because of a 1-week history of lethargy,
stumbling over objects and circling, and the presence of two tonic-clonic generalised
seizures two days before presentation. The neurological signs suggested a lesion involving
the right forebrain. Computed tomography revealed the presence of two intracranial masses,
one located inside the right lateral ventricle and the other located in the right frontal
lobe attached to the falx cerebri. Because of the poor prognosis, the owner refused to
continue with the therapy and the dog was euthanised. On postmortem examination one mass
was diagnosed histologically as a meningioma and the other as a papilloma of the choroid
plexus. Information in the veterinary literature on multiple malignancies affecting the
central nervous system is very limited. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the
association of meningioma and choroid plexus papilloma has never been reported either in
the human or in the veterinary medical literature.
Key
words: Computed tomography, brain neoplasia, meningioma, choroid plexus papilloma, dog
VITRIFICATION
OF CLEAVAGE STAGE MOUSE EMBRYOS BY THE CRYOLOOP PROCEDURE
Philip Klambauer1,3, Zsuzsa Keresztes1§, Katalin Kanyó2, Erika Varga2,
Rita Kriston2, Nóra Vass4, András Jávor4, János Konc2, László Solti1 and Sándor Cseh1
1Department and Clinic
of Obstetrics and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University,
István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary; 2Szent János Hospital Infertility and
IVF Center, Budapest, Hungary; 3University of Veterinary Science, Vienna,
Austria; 4University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
(Received 11 November 2008; accepted 11 December 2008)
By decreasing the volume of the cryoprotective solution it
is possible to increase dramatically the freezing speed and – at the same time –
reduce the toxicity and osmotic side effects of cryoprotectants (CPA). The objective of
our study was to vitrify Day-3 cleavage stage mouse embryos (n = 229) with the cryoloop
technology using a new composition of vitrification media. Embryos were exposed to a
2-step loading of CPA, ethylene glycol (EG) and propylene glycol (PG), before being placed
on the surface of a thin filmy layer formed from the vitrification solution in a small
nylon loop, then they were rapidly submerged into liquid nitrogen. After warming, the CPA
was diluted out from the embryos by a 3-step procedure. Survival of embryos was based on
morphological appearance after thawing and continued development to expanded blastocysts
upon subsequent 48-hour culture. Embryos of the two control groups were either treated
likewise except that they were not vitrified, or cultured in vitro without any treatment. Our data show that
a high percentage of embryos survived (92.7%) vitrification in the mixture of EG and PG
combined with cryoloop carrier and developed normally (89.1%) in vitro after thawing. To our knowledge this is
the first report of the successful vitrification of cleavage stage mouse embryos using
VitroLoop vitrification procedure.
Key
words: Vitrification, cryoloop, cleavage stages, mouse embryos, embryo development
COMPARISON
OF TRADITIONAL AND MODIFIED (VITMASTER) METHODS OF RABBIT EMBRYO VITRIFICATION
Krzysztof Papis, Maciej Korwin-Kossakowski and Elżbieta Wenta-Muchalska
Department
of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Wólka Kosowska, Poland
(Received 31 January 2008; accepted 11 December 2008)
In spite of their cryobiological efficacy,
minimum-volume vitrification methods suffer from the risk of microbiological contamination
and are technically and/or manually demanding. In this study, the effects of a
traditional, slightly modified vitrification method and vitrification using supercooled
liquid nitrogen (VitMaster) applied for rabbit morula-stage embryos were compared. Embryos
were equilibrated in a solution containing 1,2-propanediol (2.72 M) and glycerol (1.36 M) for 7 min and vitrified in 0.25-ml insemination straws
after 1-min exposure to a vitrification solution containing additionally 1.0 M sucrose. Cooling was performed in ‘normal’ or
supercooled liquid nitrogen. Regardless of the cooling method applied, high in vitro survival and development rates of
vitrified embryos were obtained. All embryos were intact after warming, and 61 out of 65
(93.8%) and 23 out of 24 (95.8%) embryos developed to the blastocyst stage after 48-h in vitro culture of embryos vitrified in
‘normal’ or supercooled liquid nitrogen, respectively. The results suggest higher
developmental ability of embryos vitrified in supercooled liquid nitrogen (91.7% vs. 83.1% of embryos vitrified traditionally
developed to more advanced, expanding and/or hatching blastocyst stages). In vivo survival rate, tested for the traditional
vitrification system only, revealed that 36.8% of embryos developed to term. The results
show promise for establishing a fully successful method for rabbit embryo vitrification.
Key
words: Vitrification,
embryo, rabbit, VitMaster
LASER-ASSISTED
REMOVAL OF A FELINE EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMA FROM THE BACK OF THE TONGUE
Katalin Kovács1, Csaba Jakab2 and Attila Marcell Szász3
1Small Animal
Veterinary Dental and Oral Surgery Clinic, Marek József utca 11, H-1078 Budapest,
Hungary; 2Department of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary; 3Second
Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
(Received 20 May 2008; accepted 1
October 2008)
Recently, an increase in
the occurrence of oral diseases in cats has been observed. Symptoms vary from case to
case, but loss of appetite or fastidiousness can almost always be noted. Proliferative
inflammatory eosinophilic granulomatosis is a common disease in cats, which may be
localised to the skin, the mucocutaneous junctions or the oral cavity. The disease has
three different manifestations: indolent cellular ulcer, eosinophilic plaque, and
eosinophilic granuloma. The last mentioned form predominantly affects the medial surface
of the thigh, the cheek, the tongue and the palate. Pain is not common, the lesion is
non-pruritic if localised to the skin, but the nodular form in the oral cavity may make
deglutition difficult. In this case, a 10.5-year-old cat was presented in poor condition
due to feeding problems. Examination revealed a mass of unknown origin with
macroscopically tumorous appearance, localised to the pharyngeal part of the tongue, which
made swallowing and voluntary feeding difficult. The granuloma was removed by
laser-assisted surgery. After adequate preparation, a LASER diode with 6–10 W output
power was used, set to continuous constant-amplitude output (CW) running in a 0.6 mm optic fibre to the site of interest. The
removed tissue was examined for pathomorphological features: haematoxylin and eosin,
Giemsa, Azan and PAS stainings were performed to aid diagnosis. After surgery the cat
recovered fast on steroids, and its condition and quality of life improved greatly. The
traditional surgical technique was inapplicable due to the heavy vasculature and
corresponding bleeding of the tongue.
Key
words: Laser, diode laser, oral surgery, cat oncology, feline eosinophilic granuloma
EFFECTS OF NEUROPEPTIDES AND
VASOACTIVE SUBSTANCES ON MICROCIRCULATION OF THE CALLUS AFTER TIBIAL OSTEOTOMY IN RABBITS
Zsolt Vendégh1, András Melly1, Balázs Tóth1, Konrad Wolf2, Tamás Farkas1, Jolán Józan1, János Hamar1 and István Kádas1
1Trauma Centre,
Péterfy Hospital, former Department of Experimental Surgery, National Institute of
Traumatology and Emergency Medicine, Fiumei út 17, H-1081 Budapest, Hungary; 2Krankenhaus
München-Schwabing, Munich, Germany
(Received 11 June 2008; accepted 1 October 2008)
Previous studies have demonstrated a dynamic ingrowth of
vessels into the developing callus. In this study, maturation and development of the
regulation of microcirculation were followed in the callus of rabbits. In the first
series, the effects of vasoactive substances on blood flow velocity, perfusion pressure,
duration of effects and peripheral vascular resistance of the bone marrow in the femur and
tibia were compared. In the second series, the same parameters were measured in the femur
and in the developing callus 10 and 15 days following gap osteotomy of the tibia. There
were no significant differences between the microcirculatory reactions of the intact femur
and tibia. Basal blood flow could be verified in the callus on the 10th postoperative day. No vascular reactions could
be elicited. Basal blood flow velocity was higher on the 15th day, when compared to
the measurements on the 10th day. The substances elicited statistically
significant differences in flow velocity, resistance and 50% recovery time in the callus
on the 15th day. Blood flow reactions of the ipsilateral femoral and tibial bone marrow
are identical, thus the femur can serve as a reference site for blood flow measurements in
the callus. Regulation and maturation of callus microcirculation develop rapidly between
the 10th and 15th days.
Key
words: Interfragmentary
callus, laser-Doppler flowmetry, neuropeptides, vasoactive substances
DEVELOPMENT
OF PRIMER-PROBE ENERGY TRANSFER REAL-TIME PCR FOR THE DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF
PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS TYPE 2
Ádám Bálint1,2*, Miklós Tenk1, Zoltán Deim2,
Thomas Bruun Rasmussen3, Ase Uttenthal3, Attila Cságola4, Tamás Tuboly4, Attila Farsang5,
Caroline Fossum6, Sirje Timmusk6, Mikael Berg1 and Sándor Belák1,6
1Joint
R&D Division, Departments of Virology, The National Veterinary Institute &
The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden; 2Central
Agricultural Office Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Budapest, Hungary; 3National
Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark; 4Department
of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István
University, Budapest, Hungary; 5Department of Virology, Institute for
Veterinary Medicinal Products, Budapest, Hungary; 6Department of Biomedical
Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,
Uppsala, Sweden
(Received 25 August 2008; accepted 11
December 2008)
A real-time PCR assay, based on Primer-Probe Energy
Transfer (PriProET), was developed to improve the detection and
quantification of porcine circovirus type 2 (PVC2). PCV2 is recognised as the essential
infectious agent in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and has been
associated with other disease syndromes such as porcine dermatitis and nephropathy
syndrome (PDNS) and porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Since circoviruses
commonly occur in the pig populations and there is a correlation between the severity of
the disease and the viral load in the organs and blood, it is important not only to detect
PCV2 but also to determine the quantitative aspects of viral load. The PriProET real-time
PCR assay described in this study was tested on various virus strains and clinical forms
of PMWS in order to investigate any correlation between the clinical signs and viral loads
in different organs. The data obtained in this study
correlate with those described earlier; namely, the viral load in 1 ml plasma and in 500 ng tissue DNA exceeds 107
copies in the case of PMWS. The results indicate that the new assay provides a
specific, sensitive and robust tool for the improved detection and quantification of PCV2.
Key
words: Porcine circovirus type 2, PCV2,
diagnosis, real-time PCR, primer-probe energy transfer, PriProET
FREQUENT REARRANGEMENT MAY EXPLAIN
THE STRUCTURAL HETEROGENEITY IN THE 11TH GENOME SEGMENT OF LAPINE ROTAVIRUSES – SHORT
COMMUNICATION
Krisztián Bányai1,2,
Jelle Matthijnssens3, György Szücs2, Petra Forgách4, Károly Erdélyi5, Marc van Ranst3, Eleonora Lorusso6, Nicola Decaro6, Gabriella Elia6 and Vito Martella6
1Veterinary
Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; 2Department of
Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs,
Hungary; 3Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of
Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven,
Leuven, Belgium; 4Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty
of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary; 5Department
of Wildlife Diseases and Parasitology, Central Veterinary Institute, Budapest, Hungary; 6Department
of Animal Health and Well-Being, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
(Received 17 October 2008; accepted 11
December 2008)
In rotaviruses,
intragenic recombination or gene rearrangement occurs almost exclusively in the genome
segments encoding for non-structural proteins. Rearranged RNA originates by mechanisms of
partial sequence duplications and deletions or insertions of non-templated nucleotides. Of
interest, epidemiological investigations have pointed out an unusual bias to
rearrangements in genome segment 11, notably in rotavirus strains of lapine origin, as
evidenced by the detection of numerous lapine strains with super-short genomic
electropherotype. The sequence of the full-length genome segment 11 of two lapine strains
with super-short electropherotype, LRV-4 and 3489/3, was determined and compared with
rearranged and normal cognate genome segments of lapine rotaviruses. The rearranged genome
segments contained head-to-tail partial duplications at the 3’ end of the main ORF encoding NSP5. Unlike the strains Alabama and B4106,
intermingled stretches of non-templated sequences were not present in the accessory RNA of
LRV-4 and 3489/3, while multiple deletions were mapped, suggesting the lack of functional
constraints. Altogether, these findings suggest that independent rearrangement events have
given origin to the various lapine strains that have super-short genome pattern.
Key
words: Gene duplication, deletion,
recombination, evolution
