48 (2) (2000)
CONTENTS AND ABSTRACTS
Food hygiene
Determination of residues of pyrethroid and organophosphorous ectoparasiticides in foods of animal origin.
Mária Szerletics Túri, Katalin Soós and Emőke Végh
139Mycotoxin research
Natural deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination of wheat samples grown in 1998 as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.
B. Fazekas, E. T. Hajdu, A. K. Tar and J. Tanyi
151Nutrition
Effects of dietary protein and carbohydrate source on rumen fermentation and nutrient flow in sheep.
Hedvig Fébel, Szilvia Huszár and Ildikó Zsolnai Harczi
161Parasitology
Potential diagnostic test for experimental and natural ovine Taenia hydatigena cysticercosis.
M. R. Panda, S. Ghosh and T. K. Varma
173A survey of chickens for viable toxoplasms in Croatia.
Viktorija Kutičić and Th. Wikerhauser
183Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics, urinary excretion and dosage regimen of diminazene in crossbred calves.
Gurmeet Kaur, R. K. Chaudhary and A. K. Srivastava
187Reproduction
Formation of a secondary corpus luteum after ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration in cows.
G. S. Amiridis, Lindsay Robertson, I. A. Jeffcoate, Sophia Belibasaki, J. S. Boyd and P. J. O’Shaughnessy
193Effect of exogenous ovine placental lactogen on basal and prostaglandin-stimulated progesterone production by porcine luteal cells.
Ewa L. Gregoraszczuk, A. Gertler and E. Futoma
199Toxicology
Studies on the toxic interaction between monensin and tiamulin in rats: Toxicity and pathology.
G. Szűcs, Judit Bajnógel, A. Varga, Zsuzsa Móra and P. Laczay
209In vitro ocular irritation toxicity study of some pesticides.
P. Budai and L. Várnagy
221Virology
Gene immunization of mice with plasmid DNA expressing rabies virus glycoprotein.
I. Fodor, L. Kucsera, Nadja Fodor, V. Pálfi and V. I. Grabko
229Immunostimulatory effects of the muramyl dipeptide analogue LK415 in chickens immunized with a vaccine strain of infectious bursal disease virus.
Olga Zorman Rojs, Manica Černe, I. Mrzel, U. Urleb and Shizuko Muraoka
237Book reviews
249
Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 48 (2), pp. 139–149 (2000)
DETERMINATION OF RESIDUES OF PYRETHROID
AND ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS ECTOPARASITICIDES
IN FOODS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN
Mária Szerletics Túri
*, Katalin Soós and Emőke Végh‘Fodor József’ National Center of Public Health, National Institute of Food Hygiene and Nutrition, H-1097 Budapest, Gyáli u. 3/a, Hungary
(Received August 19, 1999; accepted February 1, 2000)
Analytical methods were introduced for the determination of residues of ectoparasiticides containing pyrethroid and organophosphate active ingredients in foods. Milk and edible tissues of cows treated with three experimental ectoparasiticides (containing cypermethrin + diazinon, deltamethrin + diazinon and alphamethrin + diazinon, respectively) were assayed for the presence of active ingredient residues. Synthetic pyrethroid residues were not detected in any of the samples processed. Diazinon residues could only be detected in milk samples taken on the first day after treatment (0.005–0.025 mg/kg) and in liver and fat tissue samples taken on the day of slaughtering (0.12 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively). Permethrin and propetamphos residues were determined in the skin, meat and liver of chickens kept on ‘Blotic-B’ treated litter and in eggs collected at different times after the treatment of layer houses. Permethrin residues could not be detected in any of the samples (< 0.01 mg/kg). Meat and fat tissues of chickens slaughtered on the day after treatment contained small amounts of propetamphos (0.003 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively). In the case of chickens kept on the treated litter and slaughtered after one week, active ingredient was not detected in meat, but 0.006 mg/kg propetamphos was present in the fat. The residue content of other samples (liver, egg) was below the detection limit of the applied method at all sampling times. From the food toxicological point of view these pesticide combinations can be used safely if the recommended withdrawal period is observed between ectoparasiticide administration and slaughter.
Key words: Ectoparasiticides, residue analysis, pyrethroids, organophosphorous compounds, food of animal origin
*
Fax: +36 (1) 215 1545Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 48 (2), pp. 151–160 (2000)
NATURAL DEOXYNIVALENOL (DON) CONTAMINATION
OF WHEAT SAMPLES GROWN IN 1998 AS DETERMINED
BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Veterinary Institute of Debrecen, H-4031 Debrecen, Bornemissza u. 3–7, Hungary
(Received April 19, 1999; accepted October 20, 1999)
A high-performance liquid chromatography – diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method was developed for determining the deoxynivalenol (DON) content of wheat and other cereals. The samples were extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile and water (84 + 16). Part of the extract was evaporated and purified on Florisil and activated charcoal columns. HPLC separation was performed on a C18 column, using acetonitrile–water (8 + 92) as eluent. Diode array detection (DAD) was performed at 218 and 236 nm, by determination of the UV spectrum. Quantitative analysis was carried out by the external standard method, using the UV spectrum obtained by DAD for confirmation. The recovery rate of DON was 75 ± 3.1% and the detection limit was 0.05 mg/kg DON. Using this method, the DON content of 99 feeding wheat samples grown in the northeastern part of Hungary in 1998 was determined. Eighty-eight percent of the samples originating from three counties contained 0.94 mg/kg DON on the average. The highest individual value was 4.3 mg/kg. DON contamination of wheat was of higher prevalence (100%) and severity (0.27–4.3 mg/kg) in the southeastern county of Békés than in Szabolcs county located in the northeastern part of Hungary (ratio of positive samples: 82%; DON concentration: 0.05–1.3 mg/kg). The higher than usual DON contamination of feeding wheat can be explained by the rainy summer weather. DON contamination of feeding wheat poses a major risk to the production and animal health status of pig herds.
Key words: Mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol, DON, wheat, high-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC
*
E-mail: fazekasb@indigo2.oai.hu; Fax: +36 (52) 310 823Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 48 (2), pp. 161–171 (2000)
EFFECTS OF DIETARY PROTEIN AND CARBOHYDRATE SOURCE ON RUMEN FERMENTATION AND NUTRIENT FLOW IN SHEEP
*, Szilvia Huszár and Ildikó Zsolnai HarcziResearch Institute of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, H-2053 Herceghalom, Hungary
(Received July 1, 1999; accepted October 20, 1999)
The effects of decreasing levels of rumen degradable protein (RDP) and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) (Diet 1: 74% RDP and 38% NSC; Diet 2: 57% RDP and 32% NSC; Diet 3: 48% RDP and 23% NSC) were studied in cannulated sheep. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) content rose in response to increasing NSC content. The molar ratio of acetate to propionate was the narrowest for Diet 1. Ruminal concentrations of ammonia and urea increased in response to the rising level of RDP. Flow of organic matter (OM) to the duodenum was increased for Diet 3, which resulted in the lowest apparent and true ruminal digestion of OM. Duodenal flow of total nitrogen (N) increased as RDP content decreased. The highest quantity of undegraded feed protein in duodenal digesta was measured in sheep fed Diet 3. Microbial N flow and microbial efficiency were unaffected by the diets. These results indicate that an NSC level lower than 25% and an RDP content lower than 50% did not exert any negative effect on microbial N production. This phenomenon supports the theory that if the level of RDP is lowered with a concomitant decrease in NSC, uncoupled fermentation cannot be observed.
Key words: Degradation, rumen fermentation, microbial efficiency, nonstructural carbohydrate, rumen degradable protein, sheep
*
E-mail: hfebel@atk.hu; Fax: +36 (23) 319 133Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 48 (2), pp. 173–182 (2000)
POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR EXPERIMENTAL AND
NATURAL OVINE TAENIA HYDATIGENA CYSTICERCOSIS
M. R. Panda, S. Ghosh* and T. K. Varma
Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
(Received November 1, 1999; accepted February 1, 2000)
An ion-exchange chromatographic fraction of Taenia hydatigena metacestode was evaluated for use in the immunodiagnosis of ovine cysticercosis. Analysis of the fraction by sodium dodecyl sulphate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a 68 KDa protein. Antibodies against the isolated protein were detected in 7 out of 10 experimentally infected lambs. The diagnostic potential of the 68 KDa protein was further confirmed by testing sera from naturally infected post-mortem positive (PM+) and from apparently healthy groups of animals. Eighty % and 8% of animals were found positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the groups of PM+ and apparently noninfected lambs, respectively.
Key words: Diagnosis, ELISA, sheep, Taenia hydatigena, 68 KDa protein
*
Corresponding author: E-mail: sghosh@ivri.up.nic.in; Fax: 0091-581-50284Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 48 (2), pp. 183–185 (2000)
A SURVEY OF CHICKENS FOR VIABLE TOXOPLASMS IN CROATIA
Kutičić1* and Th. Wikerhauser21
Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, P.O. Box 190, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; 2Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zrinski trg 11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia(Received September 15, 1999; accepted February 1, 2000)
Brain tissues of 716 slaughtered domestic chickens (524 broilers and 192 hens) were bioassayed for viable toxoplasms. Each tissue was homogenized and subcutaneously injected into 4 SPF mice. Six weeks later the mice were euthanatized and their brains microscopically examined for Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts. Three (0.4%) out of a total of 716 birds were positive. All positive cases were hens. This is the first isolation of T. gondii from chickens in Croatia.
Key words: Chicken, brain, Toxoplasma, bioassay, Croatia
*
E-mail: kuticic@vef.hr; Fax: +385 1/24 41 390Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 48 (2), pp. 187–192 (2000)
PHARMACOKINETICS, URINARY EXCRETION AND DOSAGE REGIMEN OF DIMINAZENE IN CROSSBRED CALVES
Gurmeet Kaur, R. K. Chaudhary
* and A. K. SrivastavaDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, India
(Received April 12, 1999; accepted October 20, 1999)
The pharmacokinetics, urinary excretion and dosage regimen of diminazene were investigated in crossbred male calves following a single intramuscular dose (3.5 mg × kg–1). Following intramuscular administration, the pharmacokinetics of diminazene was described with a one-compartment open model. The absorption rate constant and absorption half-life were 9.86 ± 3.06 h–1 and 0.121 ± 0.40 h, respectively. The value of elimination half-life was 107.5 ± 8.50 h. The apparent volume of distribution was 0.74 ± 0.07 L × kg–1. Systemic availability following intramuscular administration was 91.7%. Approximately 65% of the administered dose of diminazene was eliminated in the urine within 24 h of its intramuscular administration. Diminazene was bound to plasma proteins to the extent of approximately 32%. The satisfactory intramuscular dosage regimen of diminazene for calves would be 2.24 mg × kg–1 followed by 1.5 mg × kg–1 at 7 days.
Key words: Pharmacokinetics, diminazene, urinary excretion, intramuscular, dosage
*
Corresponding author; E-mail: ivispau@satyam.net.in; Fax: 91-161-400945Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 48 (2), pp. 193–198 (2000)
FORMATION OF A SECONDARY CORPUS LUTEUM AFTER ULTRASOUND-GUIDED FOLLICULAR ASPIRATION IN COWS
*, Lindsay Robertson2, I. A. Jeffcoate2, Sophia Belibasaki3, J. S. Boyd2 and P. J. O’Shaughnessy21
Department of Reproduction and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Terma Trikalon, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; 2Department of Preclinical Studies, Glasgow University Veterinary School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK; 3Veterinary Research Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece(Received December 14, 1999; accepted February 1, 2000)
This paper reports the observed formation of a secondary corpus luteum (CL) in the presence of the cyclic corpus luteum, on the ovaries of a cow after ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration for oocyte recovery. The secondary structure, although smaller and lighter (4.97g vs. 6.02g) than the natural one, had the typical macroscopic appearance of a corpus luteum. Histological examination of the structure using electron microscopy revealed typical structural features of a natural CL. Mean tissue progesterone concentration was significantly lower in the secondary CL (31.15 ± 3.11 compared with 58.29 ± 6.32 µg/g tissue of the cyclic CL) and oestradiol-17ß significantly higher than in the natural CL (108 ± 11.6 compared with 74.2 ± 7.81 pg/g tissue). P450scc and P45017? mRNA was detected in both structures while P450arom and full-length mRNA FSH receptor were detected only in the secondary structure.
Key words: Corpus luteum, follicular aspiration, P45017?, P450arom, cow
*
E-mail: amiridis@spark.net.gr; Fax: +0441 70906Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 48 (2), pp. 199–208 (2000)
EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS OVINE PLACENTAL LACTOGEN
ON BASAL AND PROSTAGLANDIN-STIMULATED
PROGESTERONE PRODUCTION BY PORCINE LUTEAL CELLS
Ewa L. Gregoraszczuk1*, A. Gertler2 and E. Futoma1
1Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Cracow, Poland; 2Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
(Received August 25, 1999; accepted February 1, 2000)
The ability of ovine placental lactogen (oPL) to stimulate progesterone secretion of porcine luteal cells isolated from ovaries in different stages of the oestrous cycle and to support the luteotropic action of PGE2 or to protect the corpus luteum (CL) against the luteolytic action of PGF2? was investigated. oPL in all doses used had no effect on progesterone production of cells isolated from early developing corpora lutea while in doses of 1 and 10 ng/ml it increased oestradiol secretion by this type of cells. In doses of 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml it also increased progesterone secretion of cells isolated from mature corpora lutea in a dose-dependent manner. No influence on progesterone production of cells isolated from regressing corpora lutea was observed. oPL added to the culture media had no effect on PGE2-stimulated progesterone production by cells isolated from mature corpora lutea. However, it exerted a protective effect against the luteolytic action of PGF2? observed in cultures treated with PGF2? alone or in combination with PGE2 in a ratio of 4:1. These studies provide evidence that oPL is luteotropic and supports progesterone production in swine. The fact that oPL acted directly on ovarian steroidogenesis suggests that it may also play some role under non-pregnant physiological conditions. Future studies of structural and functional proteins secreted by the porcine conceptus will help resolve this uncertainty.
Key words: Placental lactogen, porcine luteal cells, prostaglandins, steroid secretion
*
E-mail: greg@zuk.iz.uj.edu.pl; Fax: (4812) 6343716Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 48 (2), pp. 209–219 (2000)
STUDIES ON THE TOXIC INTERACTION
BETWEEN MONENSIN AND TIAMULIN IN RATS:
TOXICITY AND PATHOLOGY
1
Department of Toxicology, EGIS Pharmaceuticals Ltd., H-1475 Budapest 10, P.O. Box 100, Hungary; 2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, H-1400 Budapest, P.O. Box 2, Hungary(Received October 7, 1999; accepted February 1, 2000)
The characteristics of the toxic interaction between monensin and tiamulin were investigated in rats. A three-day comparative oral repeated-dose toxicity study was performed in Phase I, when the effects of monensin and tiamulin were studied separately (monensin 10, 30, and 50 mg/kg or tiamulin 40, 120, and 200 mg/kg body weight, respectively). In Phase II, the two compounds were administered simultaneously to study the toxic interaction (monensin 10 mg/kg and tiamulin 40 mg/kg b.w., respectively). Monensin proved to be toxic to rats at doses of 30 and 50 mg/kg. Tiamulin was well tolerated up to the dose of 200 mg/kg. After combined administration, signs of toxicity were seen (including lethality in females). Monensin caused a dose-dependent cardiotoxic effect and vacuolar degeneration of the skeletal muscles in the animals given 50 mg/kg. Both compounds exerted a toxic effect on the liver in high doses. After simultaneous administration of the two compounds, there was a mild effect on the liver (females only), hydropic degeneration of the myocardium and vacuolar degeneration of the skeletal muscles. The alteration seen in the skeletal muscles was more marked than that seen after the administration of 50 mg/kg monensin alone.
Key words: Ionophore, monensin, tiamulin, comparative toxicity, toxic interaction, rats
*
E-mail: hatastan@mail.datanet.hu; Fax: +36 (1) 404 4888Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 48 (2), pp. 221–228 (2000)
IN VITRO OCULAR IRRITATION TOXICITY STUDY OF SOME PESTICIDES
* and L. VárnagyDepartment of Hygiene, Institute of Plant Protection, Georgikon Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Veszprém University, H-8361 Keszthely, P.O. Box 71, Hungary
(Received June 28, 1999; accepted October 20, 1999)
The use of animals in toxicological screening is a controversial issue. The Draize eye irritation test receives particular criticism because of the injuries inflicted on the test animals. In recent years various in vitro methods have been developed to replace the heavily criticised Draize rabbit eye test for irritation testing. One of the best-studied alternative methods is the Hen’s Egg Test - Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM). In the present studies comparative screening was performed with a set of pesticides to establish parallel data on in vitro (HET-CAM) and in vivo (Draize) results. The tested pesticides included Arelon 500 FW (isoproturon), Banvel 480 (dicamba), Dikamin D (2,4 D), Karathane LC (dinocap), Ronstar (oxadiazon) and Modown 4 F (bifenox). In most cases a good correlation was found between the HET-CAM assessment and results of the Draize rabbit eye test. Although the current form of the HET-CAM test is a valuable pre-screen method for predicting the ocular irritation potential of chemicals, and can be used for reducing the number of experimental animals, a number of technical problems must still be addressed before these systems can replace whole animal tests. The HET-CAM test can be a useful component of a battery of tests needed for replacing the Draize rabbit eye test.
Key words: Pesticides, ocular irritation, in vitro, hen’s egg test, chorioallantoic membrane, HET-CAM, Draize rabbit eye test
*
E-mail: H11086bud@ella.hu; Fax: +36 (83) 315 105Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 48 (2), pp. 229–236 (2000)
GENE IMMUNIZATION OF MICE WITH PLASMID DNA
EXPRESSING RABIES VIRUS GLYCOPROTEIN
I. Fodor1,2*, L. Kucsera3, Nadja Fodor1, V. Pálfi4 and V. I. Grabko5**
1
Agricultural Biotechnology Center, H-2101 Gödöllő, P.O. Box 411, Hungary;(Received December 10, 1998; accepted October 20, 1999)
Gene immunization can be an effective vaccine strategy eliciting both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. We constructed plasmid vectors expressing the full-length Vnukovo-32 rabies virus glycoprotein G under the control of CMV IE promoter and enhancer, adenovirus tripartite leader sequences and poly A signal of SV40. The gene vaccines were evaluated for the ability to elicit neutralizing antibodies and to protect BALB/c mice against lethal rabies virus challenge. First, mice were injected intramuscularly (i.m.) into the left hind leg and by the intradermoplantar (i.d.p.) route with equal amounts of plasmid DNA (0.25–0.1 mg). Two weeks later, immunization was boosted with an additional dose of the DNA. The immunized mice were challenged by intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation of CVS-27 (10–50 LD50) rabies virus. All mice produced anti-rabies virus neutralizing antibodies with a titre of ? 1:45 after immunization with 0.1–0.4 mg of DNA. In challenge experiments, 83 to 91.6% protection was observed. These results confirm that a DNA vaccine could be a simple and effective solution for preventing the spread of rabies.
Key words: Antigen, recombinant DNA, rabies, protection, DNA vaccine
*
Corresponding author: I. Fodor, Center for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus St., Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; E-mail: ifodor@som.llu.edu; Fax: 909-478-4177**
Present address: Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, RussiaActa Veterinaria Hungarica 48 (2), pp. 237–248 (2000)
IMMUNOSTIMULATORY EFFECTS
OF THE MURAMYL DIPEPTIDE ANALOGUE LK415
IN CHICKENS IMMUNIZED WITH A VACCINE STRAIN
OF INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS
1
Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, 2Pharmaceutical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Aąkerčeva 7,1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, 3Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, Osaka 580-0011, Japan(Received October 25, 1999; accepted February 1, 2000)
The effects of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) synthetic analogue LK415 on the immune response of chickens immunized with a live vaccine against infectious bursal disease (IBD) were studied in two independent trials, using levamisole hydrochloride as comparative immunostimulant. Groups of five-week-old commercial chickens (Isa Brown) were immunized orally with 10 doses of the vaccine strain of IBDV (Winterfield strain). The chickens were then given four injections of the MDP analogue LK415 in a dosage of either 0.25 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) or 2.5 mg/kg b.w. or levamisole at a daily dose of 15 mg/kg b.w. for four consecutive days, starting from the day of immunization. Histological examinations of bursal tissue collected on days 2, 4 and 7 postimmunization (p.i.) showed a lower degree of destruction of bursal follicles and earlier renewal of bursal tissue in LK415-treated chickens compared to levamisole-treated and untreated immunized groups. Compared to the other groups, the LK415-treated chickens showed a significantly higher antibody response to IBDV on days 14 and 28 p.i. (P < 0.01) as measured by commercial ELISA. The present study indicates some potent immunostimulatory effects of the MDP analogue LK415 on the chicken immune system.
Key words: Muramyl dipeptide, infectious bursal disease, vaccination, immune response, chickens
*
E-mail: rojsol@mail.vf.uni-lj.si; Fax: +386 1 332 308Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 48 (2), pp. 249–251 (2000)
Eberhard Grunert and Aart de Kruif (editors): Fertilitätsstörungen beim weiblichen Rind (Fertility Disorders in Female Cattle). 3rd, revised and enlarged edition, Parey Buchverlag, Berlin, 1999. 430 pages with 446 figures (130 colour), 49 tables. ISBN 3-8263-3150-8.
Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt and Bernard Toma (editors): Dictionary of Veterinary Epidemiology. Iowa State University Press, Ames, 1999. 300 pages, illus., paperback. $69.95 (Ł51). ISBN 0-8138-2639-X.